Roof drainage
At a glance
The need for flat roof drainage
In order to prevent water accumulation and moisture damage, flat roofs need to be equipped with special drainage systems.
Type of flat roof drainage
Each drainage low point (roof sub-area) is allocated a roof drain and an overflow drain.
Overflow drains
Overflow drains are mandatory and ensure reliable drainage even in the event of extremely heavy rainfall.
Active mechanisms
Methods of flat roof drainage: Gravity drainage (gravity principle) and siphonic drainage (negative pressure).
Green roofs
Green roofs make a contribution towards climate control and, in cities, offer additional areas that enable the return of water to the natural water cycle.
DIN 1986-100:2016-12
The most important standard for the regulation of roof drainage in Germany.
Drainage of flat roofs
The drainage of flat roofs is essential to drain off rain water and to protect the roof against moisture damage and warping. Dallmer products are available for flat roofs of solid or lightweight construction and with a single or double-ply membrane. These days, the most common roof structure in Germany is the single-ply, non-ventilated flat roof (warm roof). This can also be converted to an inverted roof. Unlike a conventional non-ventilated flat roof, in an inverted roof construction the waterproofing is located beneath the thermal insulation. Different countries, different customs: in other countries, such as Switzerland, flat roof drains are often embedded in the concrete surface, while Germany primarily uses lightweight constructions. Technical details of the drainage solutions will always need to be tailored to the particular features of the building. Generally speaking, when dealing with flat roofs, a distinction is made between non-utilised surfaces, i.e. foot traffic only occurs for the purpose of maintenance, and utilised flat roofs, which can withstand the weight and impact of pedestrian and vehicle traffic.
Prerequisites for drainage systems and roof drains
In the case of flat roofs, drainage is carried out at roof low points; each low point of a roof surface is drained via a roof drain and an overflow drain. Drainpipes must be thermally insulated if the rooms below are heated as they represent thermal bridges in the roof structure. Heated drains prevent icing in freezing temperatures, particularly if the rooms below are not heated. All roof drainage must be cleaned and maintained twice a year (acc. to DIN 1986-3).
Roof drains must be positioned so that their flange outer edge is at least 30 cm away from the outer edges of other installations on the roof, joints or other ducts penetrating the roof membrane. Roof drains are delivered with connecting flanges that are either bonded or welded to the waterproofing membranes. This includes asphalt sheeting, PE, FPO-PP and PVC roof membranes. Polymer roof membranes can be secured using clamp rings. For connections to rising components, such as in the area of the parapet, but also windows and French windows, regulations stipulate a minimum height of 15 cm above the wearing layer or gravel filling for a roof pitch of up to 5°. If the roof pitch is greater, the minimum height is 10 cm (Flat Roof Directive, dated 2016, Section 4.3).
The requirements for roof drains are described in the standard DIN EN 1253. The requirements for the connection of roof drains are stipulated in the "Flat Roof Guidelines" of the German National Association of Roofers (ZVDH). Both gravity drainage and pressure pipe drainage systems may only be fitted with roof drains that have been tested and found suitable according to DIN EN 1253-2. Two-piece roof drains must have a sealed connection between the drain and the raising piece (DIN 1986-100:2016-12 § 5.7.3.1 General requirements).
Gravity and siphonic drainage
Gravity drainage
Siphonic drainage
Gravity drainage
With gravity drainage, the water is channelled via several downpipes into a downward-sloping underground pipe through which it is drained. Drainage of the rainwater occurs according to the physical law of gravity. The drainage capacity is significantly influenced by the pipe base gradient and the drainage capacity of the roof drain. The pipework system of gravity drainage is operated in partial filling.
Siphonic drainage
In pressurised pipe systems, the drainage flows of the individual drains are fed into a common downpipe via connecting pipes under the roof structure. When the rainwater is drained off, negative pressure is generated in the collecting pipe when the pipe system is full, allowing the water to be quickly and effectively extracted from the roof surface at high discharge rates. Due to the full filling and the resulting negative pressure, the pipes running under the roof can be laid without a gradient, so that spaces can be utilised more effectively. The high flow rate also creates a self-cleaning effect for the pipe system, which in turn reduces maintenance costs.
Overflow drainage
Dallmer overflow drainage
According to DIN 1986-100:2016-12 para. 5.9, it must be ensured that a controlled function of the stormwater drainage system is guaranteed both during calculated rainfall and in the event of an overload, e.g. with a century rainfall event. For such events, the standard stipulates the need for an overflow drainage system in the form of an overflow drain. Furthermore, the overflow drainage system must be connected to a dedicated outflow from which the water can drain freely onto floodable land – it must not be connected to the normal drainage system. For economic reasons, no public sewer system is designed to drain off extreme volumes of water, such as stormwater. Builders may only dispense with overflow drainage if replacement measures are in place (e.g. in the case of ponding on the roof). Overflow drainage can also be carried out by additional overflow drains or parapet drains.
Green roofs
Dallmer green roofs
Green roofs are a very special kind of flat roof, whereby a distinction is made between "extensive greening" and "intensive greening". Extensive greening is achieved with easy-care, low-growing groundcover, such as herbs, moss, grasses and different kinds of sedum. Intensive greening involves a greater variety of plants: perennials, shrubs, flowers, sometimes even small trees. The only limiting factor is the stability of the roof structure. Roofs with a load capacity of up to 150 kg/m2 can generally only support extensive greening, but a roof with a load capacity of approx. 500 kg/m2 enables intensive greening.
Green roofs make a key contribution towards handling the accumulating volumes of rainfall. Because our world is being increasingly paved over – this includes roads, built-up areas, even tunnels, which lead to the underground sealing of surfaces – there are fewer and fewer areas where the rainwater can naturally seep into the ground. This interrupts the natural water cycle, whereas green areas enable the natural evaporation and seepage of the water. Depending on the region and the vegetation, green roofs can absorb 30 - 90% of the rainfall. This also relieves the load on the public sewer system, which generally struggles to handle heavy rainfall. But green roofs offer many other advantage as they also ...
- serve as a substitute garden
- regulate the interior climate
- absorb fine dust particles, thus improving the air quality
- help mitigate the urban heat island effect
Drainage of balconies and patios
Today’s floor coverings on balconies, terraces and loggias are often realised as slab coverings with open joints. Drainage therefore takes place on two levels: above and below the paving. The design of the drainage system for balconies and terraces must be matched to these two levels. In the case of closed parapets, emergency drainage must also be planned; such systems can also be suitable for small roofs, e.g. garages. They have the same design as roof drains, but are smaller.
DIN 1986-100
The standard DIN 1986-100 is the most important standard for the regulation of roof drainage in Germany. It applies to wastewater drainage systems for buildings and sites. It regulates the planning and design of both gravity and siphonic drainage systems, whereby it also takes into account the calculations for roof drains, gutters and emergency overflow drainage and specifies the need for overflow certification. The standard was drawn up by the working committee of the NA 119-05-02 AA "Drainage systems for buildings and sites" of the DIN Standards Committee Water Practice (NAW).
Rainwater that accumulates on roofs must be collected and discharged via the drainage system, unless otherwise specified in individual cases. Precipitation water must not be drained onto public traffic areas or paths, and each roof area or low point specified by the roof construction must have emergency drainage. If rainwater retention is planned on the roof, emergency drainage can be dispensed with. In this case, the roof surfaces must be sealed at least up to the flooding height. The loads resulting from the accumulation heights must be taken into account in the structural design of the roof and supporting structure.
Roof drains must meet the requirements of the standard DIN EN 1253-2. Drains must be freely accessible in order to allow problem-free maintenance. Manufacturers are obliged to publish the drainage rate of their products, depending on water over grate.
Flow rates according to din en 1253 in l/s for water over grate 5 – 75 mm
Shown here: Dallmer roof drain 62 DallBit (vertical)
| NOMINAL WIDTH | DIN EN 1253 | 5 MM | 15 MM | 25 MM | 35 MM | 45 MM | 55 MM | 65 MM | 75 MM |
| DN 70 | 1,7 (35 mm) | 0,90 | 3,50 | 6,80 | 9,90 | 13,20 | 15,00 | 15,10 | 15,20 |
| DN 100 | 4,5 (35 mm) | 1,00 | 4,10 | 7,30 | 10,70 | 14,50 | 18,30 | 23,20 | 29,40 |
| DN 125 | 7,0 (45 mm) | 1,00 | 4,10 | 6,90 | 10,20 | 14,00 | 17,70 | 22,40 | 27,70 |
| DN 150 | 8,1 (45 mm) | 1,00 | 4,20 | 7,10 | 10,30 | 14,10 | 18,00 | 22,60 | 28,40 |
Number and position
To determine the number of roof drains, the amount of rainfall per (partial) roof area must first be calculated using Kostra DWD and the formulae of DIN 1986-100. The calculated rainfall volume (l/s) is then divided by the drainage capacity (l/s, taking into account the accumulation height) of the roof drain. Roof drains must be located at the low points of the individual sections of the roof structure. In addition, the outer flange edges of the roof drains must be 30 cm away from rising components such as the parapet.
Waterproofing
The drain must be connected to the roof membrane in a way that ensures reliable sealing. For this purpose, the connecting flange of the roof outlet must match the selected roof cladding. The connection may be implemented using a loose-type, fixed or bonding flange or a factory-made membrane.
The drainage system must be regarded and planned as a whole, whereby the following special features need to be taken into account for the various types of drainage:
- Overflow drainage
Overflow drains must not be connected to the normal drainage system, but to a dedicated outflow from which the water can drain freely onto floodable land. Each roof drain must be assigned an overflow drain with sufficient drainage capacity. - Pipe system
In accordance with DIN 1986-100 § 6.3.1, interior rainwater pipes must be able to withstand the pressure resulting from backflow if the drainage pipe is overloaded.
High-rise buildings > 22 m require special measures because a higher compressive strength must be taken into account. - Siphonic drainage
As pressurised drainage systems work with negative pressure, the pipe components and fixings must meet special requirements. Isometry with hydraulic equalisa tion is required.
Using the formulae of DIN 1986-100 in conjunction with the Kostra rainfall rates, the expected rainfall volumes are determined as a function of the runoff coefficient and the size of the roof area to be drained.
Glossary
Part 3 of this standard is important for roof drainage as it stipulates the regulations for the planning and dimensioning of roof drains.
This standard applies to floor drains with and without trap inserts, and to roof drains. It stipulates the minimum requirements and test conditions under which the drainage capacity of the individual products is determined.
A component that sits in a drain to provide attachments for membranes. This may be a loose-type, fixed or bonding flange or or a factory-made membrane.
A guideline published by the German National Association of Roofers stipulates how flat roofs are to be waterproofed. Should be used in combination with the DIN standards.
The German KOSTRA Atlas allows for the quantifying of rain depth of an event for a certain recurrence interval and several duration intervals for each point in Germany.
The parapet is a low protective wall along the edge of a roof.
The outer layer of a roof is known as the roof membrane. It protects against external influences such as the weather and UV rays.
The structure of a flat roof includes the substructure, the vapour barrier, the thermal insulation layer, the separating layer and the waterproofing membrane. However, no liability is assumed for the completeness of this list, as these layers can vary depending on roof type.
A term from the hydrology sector, which describes the ratio of rainfall that directly reaches the drain to total rainfall. The difference may be due, for example, to evaporation or seepage.
Belongs to the family of crassulaceae that are typically used to create living green roofs.
Also known as the base layer – supports the entire roof structure. Roof drains and overflow drains are anchored in this layer.
Lies on the load-bearing roof structure and protects the roof against the elements. In the case of flat roofs, this is the waterproofing layer.
Relevant products
planter drain box, 362 x 362 mm
roof drain type 62 clamp ring, DN 70
renova roof drain type 63 T DallBit, 345 mm, DN 70
power roof drain type 86.0 FPO-PP, DN 70
roof drain type 64 DallBit, DN 70/DN 100
roof drain SuperDrain type 64 PVC, DN 70
power overflow drain 86 D DallBit, DN 70
roof drain SuperDrain type 62 PVC, DN 70
overflow drain SuperDrain 62 DallBit, DN 70
overflow drain SuperDrain type 64 clamp ring, DN 70
Dated: December 2024